Male use of estrogen is associated with a range of diseases and health complications.
In recent years, administering estrogen to males who identify as transgender women has become increasingly common, including among adolescents. Often paired with testosterone blockers, this treatment is marketed as part of “gender-affirming care”—a term used to describe medical interventions intended to “align” a person’s body with his or her “gender identity.” But as more young people pursue medical transition in the absence of long-term studies, concerns about safety, efficacy, and informed consent have grown more urgent.
