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Trevor Tombe: How much did Canada’s trade retaliation and boycotts actually hurt the U.S.?

While the broad 25 percent tariffs once floated by President Donald Trump never fully materialized, Canada’s retaliatory measures—covering over 1,800 U.S. product lines, representing more than $90 billion in Canadian imports from the U.S. last year—remain largely in place. Though some exemptions and supports have softened the impact (and created confusion), the economic consequences of these tariffs are starting to take shape.

Newly released trade data for April 2025 allow us to take a detailed look at how Canadian imports have shifted in response.

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